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Detection of Snow Condition
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With respect to the methods of determining that avalanche conditions exist, no amount of discussion can replace experience; but the skier can be cautioned to take advantage of certain classes of available information.
The most complete knowledge of snow conditions at a given point can be obtained by cutting a section through the snow from the surface to the ground and examining the texture of the snow in each layer and the firmness of the bond between layers. This method is usually too laborious to be practical, and normally requires the use of a shovel. An approach to such an examination can be obtained, however, by prodding the snow with a
pointed stick, such as a ski pole with the basket removed, with a reversed ski pole, or with the heel of a ski. Although this does not permit visual examination, it will indicate any hard crust or probable wind slab below the surface within a depth corresponding to the length of the pole. The skier must remember, however, that ski-pole detection will not go far enough to disclose the most dangerous avalanche hazard—that of several feet of surface snow avalanching on a deeply buried but poorly bonded underlayer.
Frequently it is desirable to know the probable condition of snow at so distant a point that it cannot be directly examined. This, and the condition of underlying snow which cannot be readily examined, is best learned by study of past weather conditions. Records of weather must be used with caution, as local variations due to slope exposure, wind, and altitude, may make notable difference. Weather reports may serve, however, to a limited extent. For example, if temperatures well below freezing are reported to have prevailed prior to and during a snowfall, there will be a greater danger of avalanche following the snowfall than if the temperature is known to have been above freezing prior to and during the first stages of the snowfall, followed by lower temperatures during the balance of the storm. Or, if rain or a heavy thaw were followed by a freeze and then by additional snowfall, an impermeable ice crust would probably have formed, which would provide poor bondage for overlying new snow, and over which water from the thawing snow might collect as a lubricant for a subsequent avalanche.
The skier on one slope may judge the snow on a nearby slope by considering its relative exposure. Thus, if the slope on which he stands is wet from the sun, or is
covered with a sun crust due to wet snow being refrozen, he can probably obtain better skiing conditions by crossing to an unexposed north slope, although in this event he must assure himself that the snow there has settled sufficiently to be past a point of danger from new-snow avalanche. Similarly, if the skier knows the direction of the prevailing wind or of the wind which is reported to have existed in the recent past, he can predict where wind crust may have formed and where drifts are likely to be found. He can judge of the probability of wind slab or wind crust if he knows the humidity of the wind which took place.
A thermometer and to a slightly lesser extent a hygrometer can be of considerable value in determining the changes which are likely to be taking place in snow condition. An experienced mountaineer can determine temperature and humidity fairly well, however, by "feel" and by telltale signs.
Related terms include banff skiing and skiing lessons.
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