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Compass and Map - part 6
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In land forms resulting from water erosion, contours along stream channels are normally V-shaped, the V pointing upstream; shoulders and ridges are usually U-shaped, the U pointing downhill. An understanding of the main drainage system will make it easier to understand the relation of ridges and minor valleys and gullies to the main canyons and mountain systems.
A contour line cannot end except on itself (or at the edge of the map). If it ends on itself, it will form a closed circuit which usually indicates a peak or ridge crest, the interior portion of the circuit being higher than any portion along its edges. Such contours may also show a depression. For that use, they are usually marked with short, right-angle lines inside the closed circuit. In desert regions, depressions may be on such a vast scale that such a method of marking is not practical. They may then be recognized by the form of the rest of the topography and a careful check to determine which contours are higher than others.
Contours are close together when the land surface is steep, far apart when it is gradual. A vertical cliff is indicated by many contours converging to form a single line. Contours cross only when they represent an overhanging cliff. It is rare to find maps which are of such scale and accuracy that they will show the fine detail of an overhang.
Adequate knowledge of contour topography is difficult to obtain from any manual. It is suggested that the skier first become familiar with the United States Geological Survey map of his home locality or usual skiing area. Recommended for further study are: Yosemite Valley Special Sheet (for detail of cliff sculpture), Mount Rainer National Park (for glaciers), and the Wabuska or Carson Sink sheets of Nevada (for desert forms).
The map and the ski tour.—A skier makes good use of his ability to visualize terrain by reading a good topographic map, correlating this information with his knowledge of the region and basic ski-mountaineering requirements. The slope can be determined roughly by the spacing of the contours. The height of the slope can be told at a glance. The experienced map reader will recognize which slopes are so long and of such high angle that they will be especially subject to avalanches. The exposure of the slope, readily seen on the map, will suggest what will be the effect of sun upon the snow. The skier may thus be able to plan his trip on north slopes to take advantage of powder snow; in spring he may choose north slopes at certain times of day to take advantage of frozen crust, or south slopes to avoid it. Angle and direction of slope may determine wind exposure, to be avoided in storm, or sought on a hot day. The map will suggest where cornices are formed, and where wind-slab avalanches are most likely; it may tell, indirectly, where a timberline camp may be made, which slopes will be
open, which heavily forested. The campsite can be chosen with regard to distance that the party will best travel in a day over the terrain as disclosed by study of the map. Choice of campsite may be affected by the availability of "liquid" water to save fuel in cooking. Sites near lakes and streams, which may be open in part, will be selected. The map may show which campsite should have reasonable protection against storm and freedom from the avalanche hazard which would exist at the base of long, high slopes or steep chutes.
Nor should the skier overlook the pure enjoyment a thorough knowledge of his maps can give him, either while he plans and anticipates his trip, or, after it is over, when he traces the trails over which his skis have taken him.
Related terms include california skiing and breckenridge skiing.
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