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Compass and Map - part 4
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A map is most satisfactorily oriented by use of a known location on the map and a known landmark. Placing matches or pine needles vertically on the map at the location and landmark, rotate the map until the matches align with the known landmark. The map is thus oriented, more accurately than by compass.
A map may be oriented with three known landmarks, but with one's own location unknown. Place a match near the center of a thin sheet of paper and sight across it to another match which is lined up with one of the known landmarks. Draw a line on the paper in that direction. Without moving the paper, sight across the center match to the other landmarks and draw similar lines. The landmarks should be as diverse as possible. Placing this sheet over the unoriented map, move it to a position in which all three lines will, on the map, pass through the three known landmarks. The center point from which the lines were drawn will then be the position of the observer, and the map can be oriented with any one of the three landmarks.
A rough way to determine south and thus orient the map is by use of a watch and the sun. If the hour hand is pointed directly toward the sun, a line drawn halfway between the hour hand and 12 will point approximately south. This method, while not accurate, may be much better than nothing at all. Use local standard time.
Determining one's unknown position.—This is possibly the most valuable use of a map in emergency. Every effort should of course be made to keep so well acquainted with the map and country that one's position will always be known. Nevertheless, prolonged travel under restricted visibility may bring one to a position which cannot be determined by simply glancing at the map. If landmarks shown on the map can be recognized
in the distance, choose two whose direction is separated approximately by a right angle (for greater accuracy). Orient the map by compass, place a match vertically on the map above the position of one of the known landmarks, move another match along the near edge of the map until it aligns with the landmark, and draw a light line between the two vertical matches. Then repeat the
process for the other known landmark. The intersection of the two lines thus obtained will be near your position. A more precise determination can then be made by sighting on additional known landmarks.

Fig. 11. Method of determining intervisibility.
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