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Stratification of Snow Deposits
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The stability of a given layer of snow depends not only upon its texture and internal cohesion, but also on the cohesion between the snow layer and the underlying surface. For when a vertical section is cut from the topmost surface of the snow to the ground, it is seen that each successive snowfall forms a separate and distinct
layer of snow. In general, the lower layers have larger, better consolidated crystals. The difference between the layers is due to the difference in weather during and between successive snowfalls, and to the greater age of lower layers.
Bond between layers.—A new layer will be well bonded to the previous layer if it falls when the previous layer is wet, or if the falling snow itself is somewhat damp. This is particularly true if the temperature falls after the snowfall has commenced, thereby freezing the new snow to the old snow. If, on the other hand, the old snow is-fairly well packed and the temperature is well below freezing, the bond is likely to be very poor until the new layer has also settled. The bond is particularly poor if the new snow falls on crusted snow. The crust may be due to wind, but is even worse if it is due to thawing; and then refreezing to form a smooth icy surface. In other words a layer of loose, unconsolidated snow lying on a smooth crust is apt to avalanche.
Flow of water through strata.—The stratification of snow has further effects during a thaw. If the snow i& melting, or if water is running down through it because of thawing conditions higher up the slope, then one layer of snow may become wet while other layers remain unaffected. In filtering through snow, water tends to saturate a densely compacted layer such as a wind crust, in preference to traveling through a looser snow texture, and it may rise up through the layer from the bottom rather than flowing down from the top. This is because the water motion is governed primarily by capillary attraction, which tends to make it flow along the crystal surfaces, just as kerosene flows up a lamp wick, or ink into a blotter. Water in a snow layer not only reduces the internal cohesion, but also tends to provide a water-lubricated upper surface over which an overlying snow layer may slide.
If a solid ice crust is present, any water formed above this crust cannot flow down through it, and when the snow above becomes saturated, additional water will, therefore, run down over the surface of the ice crust. This results in a very wet surface on the ice crust providing a particularly well lubricated surface on which the next higher layer of snow may slide.
Thus, where several layers of snow are present, one layer may be wet without the others being wet, and the wet layer is not necessarily the upper layer. It is therefore not enough merely to know that the upper layer of snow possesses good internal cohesion, since it may be lying either on a loose lower layer or on a lubricated lower ice crust, either of which may permit the upper layer, or several layers, to slide away.
The skier must accordingly consider whether there exists on any suspected slope a lubricating snow layer, either dry or wet, below the surface. Avalanches caused by the yielding of several layers are particularly dangerous because of the depth of the snow released.
Related terms include lake tahoe skiing and telemark skiing.
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