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Community Equipment - part 3
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Flashlight.—A headlight will serve for a party of four. It is superior to a hand light, since it will free the hands.
and the battery can be kept warm next to the body. The most efficient temperature for the cells is 70° F. Their efficiency is 50 per cent at 30° F; at 0° commercial cells will not function. The switch on any flashlight should be so designed that it cannot be accidentally turned on in the pack. Fresh battery cells should be put in the case at the start of the trip.
Cooking stoves.—A lightweight gasoline stove should be carried even for camps below timberline. One may cook over a wood fire built on the snow, but in severe weather such a procedure is most uncomfortable and it is difficult and time-consuming to make the fireplace blizzardproof. Though a variety of stoves can be recommended, the most reliable is the kerosene-burning Primus type, with roarer burner and built-in pump. One stove, half-pint or one-pint size, will be adequate for each tent. With two half-pint stoves, two courses can be cooking simultaneously; however, the pint size, with larger burner, is more efficient. If the stove is carried in a small bag of gasoline proof fabric, chance fuel leakage will not spread so easily throughout the rucksack to flavor the food. One should learn the idiosyncrasies of these stoves before planning to cook with them in the mountains.
Fuel.—The amount of fuel required will vary with the number in the party, number of stoves, and method of cooking. Far more will be required if snow—especially powder snow—must be melted for water. A reasonably safe average with one-pint stoves is a pint of fuel per stove per day (about a two-hour supply). Used conservatively this should be enough for four men at temperatures down to 0° F. Inexperienced parties should take more until their requirements are definitely known. If a Primus stove is used, alcohol will be advisable for priming. In general, the fuel should be white gasoline. No ethyl should be used because of the hazard of lead poisoning from accidental internal use, contact, or fumes; such fuel will also clog the stove. With highly volatile gasoline one must guard against fire hazard, especially if gasoline is spilled within the tent. Be particularly careful to release the stove's internal gas pressure slowly to avoid spurting of liquid fuel or ignition of the vapor. Reasonably good ventilation is required to minimize the possible danger of carbon monoxide poisoning when the stove is burning in the tent. A small funnel is needed unless fuel cans have a proper pouring spout. The closure of any can to be used for fuel should be tested by squeezing the can to see if any air is forced out.
Cooking equipment.—This must be kept to a minimum, to save weight, space, as well as time and fuel in cooking. Palatable two-course meals can be prepared, for which two nesting 21/2-quart pots with covers (for efficiency) will suffice. Adequate, lightweight utensils may be improvised out of 3- and 4-quart cans. The scout-type knife recommended has a can opener, but a small 1-ounce key type may be preferred. A cup and spoon per man, plus a stirring tablespoon, complete the essential equipment.
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