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Snow Texture - part 3

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Articles In This Section:

· Snow Formation and Avalanches

· Snow Texture - part 1

· Snow Texture - part 2

· Snow Texture - part 3

· Stratification of Snow Deposits

· Effect of Slope and Ground Surface

· Avalanche Types - part 1

· Avalanche Types - part 2

· Avalanche Types - part 3

· Detection of Snow Condition

· Summary of Avalanche Causes

· Precautions in Avalanche Territory - part 1

· Precautions in Avalanche Territory - part 2

· Conduct During an Avalanche

· Avalanche Rescue Work

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Drifting and erosion.—Wind is of great importance in determining snow conditions. It tends to pack and erode the snow on windward slopes, simultaneously depositing drifted snow on lee slopes. These drifts may become very deep and sometimes have a steep lee side. Since the friction and evaporation during movement of the snow tends to remove the branches from the crystals, the cohesion of these drifts initially is usually low, and dry-snow avalanches may result if the snow is not wind packed. Wind slabs may be formed, however, if the snow is drifted by humid wind and collects at a point where the wind velocity is reduced, but is not calm.

In traveling over the crest of a ridge, drifting snow frequently forms cornices (see fig. 8). These occur in the calm triangular region between the air current flowing over the top of a ridge and the eddy current drawn up the lee side of the ridge by the main current of air. Drifting snow carried by the main current settles, in part, into this comparatively calm region, and builds out the cornice, either by the interlocking of the crystal branches, or by formation of a wind slab. Snow carried past this calm region before dropping out of the main air current falls below the cornice and forms a drift, generally known as a snow cushion.

The formation of a large cornice is favored by a windward slope which is 15-30° and a leeward slope of about 52°. Cornices can be formed, however, with windward slopes from level to about 45°, and with lee slopes from perpendicular to 30° or less.

Cornices are often unstable, their collapse the frequent cause of avalanches. The snow cushion in itself is frequently an avalanche hazard. Where possible, routes should be so planned that cornices are avoided. Moreover, skiers should bear in mind that a flat and innocent-looking ridge crest may in reality be a cornice that is overhanging several feet and is on the verge of collapse.

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