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Compass and Map - part 2
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If the magnetic declination is not known, it can be determined as accurately as the compass will read by taking a bearing on Polaris, the North Star.
Determination of compass bearings.—A compass bearing is simply the angle between the direction of an object and that of magnetic or true north or south. By determining on the map the bearings of several points of a chosen route, the skier may plot his course of travel. To facilitate accurate readings, north, east, south, and west should be marked on the compass case so that the pivot of the needle can be placed accurately over a particular point on the map. With the compass centered over the point on the map from which the bearing is to be taken, and with the map oriented, the bearing can be read directly from the compass by use of a line from the center of the compass to the object whose bearing is desired. The reading where the line crosses the divisions of the compass is the bearing.
Compasses are marked according to two major systems. Easiest to use, and standard with the United States armed forces, is the azimuth system, by which bearings are specified in degrees up to a circle of 360°, in a direction clockwise from north. Compasses graduated on that system usually have the case marked counterclockwise, so that if the north—south line of the case is directed toward the object, the north end of the needle will read directly in degrees of azimuth. Thus a northwest bearing would be given as 315°.
Most civilian surveying in the United States is based upon four segments of the circle, graduated respectively from north and south 90° in each direction to east and west; a northwest bearing is given as north 45° west.
Plotting of compass bearings.—This is merely the reverse of determining the bearings from a map. With a compass centered over the point on the map from which the bearing was taken, and with the map properly oriented, a line can be projected through the graduation
on the compass which corresponds to the bearing. The point to which the bearing is taken will be on that line if the reading and plotting are accurate. If one is using his own bearings, it will be simpler to keep them all magnetic to avoid conversion errors.
Use of a compass in storm.—A storm provides the vital justification for carrying a compass at all times in ski mountaineering, for visibility in storm is greatly reduced. One must rely upon the accuracy of the compass, taking care to eliminate local magnetic influence. If such influence is suspected, several readings on a distant object should be taken on a straight course at intervals of about 400 yards. If uniform, the readings will eliminate the possibility of local attraction. One's sense of direction may, under stress, sometimes be completely off—as much as 180°. To avoid this, mark the compass case to show which end of the needle is north.
Related terms include telluride skiing and free skiing.
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