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Avalanche Types - part 1
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Avalanches may be placed in four classifications: those of ice, dry snow, wet snow, and wind slab. Combinations of several types may occur; for example, an ice avalanche may start several layers of snow, both wet and dry, old or new, on their way down a mountainside.
Ice avalanches.—In any precipitous region undergoing heavy glaciation, ice avalanches are frequent, and often of tremendous proportions. Hanging glaciers high on a mountainside will move beyond their support and collapse, sweeping everything before them. In the Himalaya, avalanches started in this manner have been known to travel fully a mile across a level valley floor before spending themselves. Where the course of a glacier is less precipitous, a cliff may be entirely covered with ice, being indicated only by the heavily crevassed and chaotic surface of the glacier, known as an icefall. Here the seracs, or pinnacles of ice, often collapse to cause avalanches of large proportions.
For the purpose of this chapter, it will be presumed that the skier who travels in terrain that spawns such avalanches will be fully prepared, by study and experience acquired elsewhere, for the problems that will confront him. But a milder hazard from falling ice is frequently encountered in any rugged ski terrain. Water from melting snow will freeze on cliffs during the night, or whenever the temperature is low enough, and will break loose with the first thaw. The breaking loose of large accumulations of ice may cause a snow avalanche on the slopes below. It is usually easy to see where such bombarded areas exist, and to plan a route that avoids them, or to time the trip so the party passes beneath the cliffs when the ice is frozen.
Dry-snow avalanches.—New snow: This is the most frequently encountered avalanche. The primary cause is a loss of internal cohesion soon after a snowfall, owing to evaporation or transformation of the branches of the snow crystals. This eliminates the bond initially provided by the interlacing of these branches, and permits the snow to flow. Avalanches of this type may occur during or soon after a snowfall, wherever the slope is steep enough. If the snow has fallen on a frozen crust, or even on settled snow when the temperature is well below freezing, the likelihood of avalanche is increased since the poor bond may permit slippage as well as flow, and more gradual slopes are apt to avalanche. If the layer of new snow is only a few inches thick, the likelihood and seriousness of an avalanche is slight, but if the fall has been very deep, or has been collected in large drifts, the likelihood of avalanche, and the possible damage from it, is great.
Related terms include telluride skiing and skiing in vermont.
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